Anisaldehyde	18.4 mL p-anisaldehyde	Excellent for all functional groups
	3.75 mL AcOH
	338 mL 95% ethanol
	12.5 mL H2SO4
Potassium Permanganate	3 g KMnO4	Good for functional groups sensitive to oxidation
	20 g K2CO3
	5 mL 5% NaOH (aq)
	300 mL water
PMA	230 g phosphomolybdic acid	good for functional groups sensitive to oxidation
	1 gallon 95% EtOH (aq)
Ceric Ammonium Molybdate	100 mL 80% H2SO4	Highly sensitive, multiple functional groups
(CAM)	4 g ceric sulfate
	17.28 g molybdium trioxide
	14 mL NH4OH in 14 mL water
	548 mL water
	Note: add 48 mL water and second two ingredients then add the solution of the first two ingredients and dilute with 500 mL water.
Dragendorff-Munier	10 g KI (in 40 mL water)	Good for amines, especially
	1.5 g Bi(NO3)3	unreactive ones such as carbamate
	20 g tartaric acid (in 80 mL water)	protected amines
	stir 15 mins then filter
Vanillin	60 g vanillin
	1000 mL 95% ethanol (aq)
	10 ml H2SO4 (conc.)
Ceric Sulfate	8g Ce(SO4)2*2H2SO4
	100 mL 15% H2SO4 (aq)
2,4 DNP	12g 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
	60 mL conc. H2SO4
	80 mL water
	200 mL 95% ethanol
	Note: Add first two ingredients and add this solution to the second two ingredients.
Ninhydrin	1.5 g Ninhydrin	Specific for amino acids
	5 mL AcOH
	500 mL 95% ethanol
Ehrlich Reagent	1g p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
	75% methanol
	50 mL conc. HCl
Iodine	0.5 g iodine	Good for unsaturated and aromatic compounds
	100 mL chloroform
Bromocresol Green	0.04g Bromocresol Green	Good for pKa <5.0, carboxylic acids
	100 mL ethanol
	0.1 M aq. NaOH added until blue
Chromic Acid	2.5g K2Cr2O7
	100 mL 20% H2SO4